What is meant by Hyperbolic process?

             Hyperbolic process is the one in which product of pressure and volume remains constant during the process. The curve for such an expansion process is a rectangular hyperbola and hence this is known as hyperbolic expansion. 

              For a perfect gas PV/T= Constant, if T is also constant then it means that for a perfect gas the hyperbolic process shall also be isothermal process.

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What is meant by Polytropic process?

              Polytropic process is the most commonly used process in practice. In this, the thermodynamic process is said to be governed by the law PVn = constant where n is the index which can vary from – ∞ to + ∞. Figure 3.6 shows some typical cases in which the value of n is varied and the type of process indicated for different values of n. Thus the various thermodynamics processes discussed above are special cases of polytropic process.

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What is meant by Adiabatic process?

                      

                          An adiabatic process is the thermodynamic process in which there is no heat interaction during the process, i.e. during the process, Q = 0. In these processes the work interaction is there at the expense of internal energy. If we talk of adiabatic expansion then it shall mean that work is done at the cost of its own internal energy. The adiabatic process follows the law PVγ = constant where γ is called adiabatic index and is given by the ratio of two specific heats. Thus, it is obvious that adiabatic expansion shall be accompanied by the fall in temperature while temperature will rise during adiabatic compression.

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What is meant by Constant temperature process or isothermal process?

           Thermodynamic process in which the temperature remains constant is called constant temperature or isothermal process. In this case the gas or vapour may be heated at constant temperature and there shall be no change in internal energy. The work done will be equal to the amount of heat supplied, as shown ahead

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What is meant By Constant volume process or isochoric process?

                 When a fluid undergoes a thermodynamic process in a fixed enclosed space such that the process occurs at constant volume, then the process is called constant volume process or isochoric process. Let us consider heating of a gas in fixed enclosure at constant volume. On p–V diagram this process is represented by a vertical line as shown in Fig. Area under the process line is zero which indicates that there is rise in pressure but there is no work done as there is no change in volume

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What is meant Constant pressure process or isobaric process?

                              It refers to the thermodynamic process in which there is no change in pressure during the process. Such type of processes are also known as isobaric processes. To understand let us take a cylindrical vessel having gas in it. It has a piston above it. Piston is free to reciprocate in the cylinder. Under normal situation piston shall be subjected to atmospheric pressure. Now, let heat be added to cylinder from bottom of cylinder. Due to heat addition, presuming energy transfer taking place reversibly and system always remaining in equilibrium, the gas shall try to expand. Expansion of gas results in raising up of the piston and it attains a new state.

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THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES?

            Thermodynamic processes can be precisely categorized as cyclic process and non-cyclic process. The cyclic process is the one in which the initial and final states are identical i.e. system returns to its initial states after occurrence of process. The non cyclic process is the one in which the initial and final states are different i.e. the occurrence of process is accompanied by the state change.

(i) Constant pressure process or isobaric process

(ii) Constant volume process or isochoric process

(iii) Constant temperature process or isothermal process

(iv) Adiabatic process

(v) Polytropic process

(vi) Hyperbolic process

(vii) Free Expansion

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