Energy is added
to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited.
In the high pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel
increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are
forced into the turbine section. There, the high velocity
and volume
of the gas flow is directed through a nozzle over the
turbine's blades, spinning the turbine which powers the compressor and, for
some turbines, drives their mechanical output. The energy given up to the
turbine comes from the reduction in the temperature and pressure of the exhaust
gas.
Final Year Thermal Engineering Projects
Friday 18 December 2015
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT?
Thursday 17 December 2015
Cooling system of nuclear power plant?
Cooling system
A cooling system
removes heat from the reactor core and transports it to another area of the
plant, where the thermal energy can be harnessed to produce electricity or to
do other useful work. Typically the hot coolant will be used as a heat source
for a boiler,
and the pressurized steam from that boiler will power one or more steam
turbine driven electrical generators.
Flexibility
of nuclear power plants
It is often claimed that
nuclear stations are inflexible in their output, implying that other forms of
energy would be required to meet peak demand. While that is true for the vast
majority of reactors, this is no longer true of at least some modern designs.
Nuclear plants are routinely used in load following mode on a large scale in
France. Unit A at the German Biblis Nuclear Power Plant is designed
to in- and decrease his output 15 % per minute between 40 and 100 % of it's nominal
power. Boiling water reactors normally have load-following capability, implemented
by varying the recirculation water flow.
Nuclear reactor technology?
When a relatively large fissile atomic nucleus (usually uranium-235or plutonium-239)
absorbs a neutron,
a fission of the atom often results. Fission splits the atom into two or more
smaller nuclei with kinetic
energy (known as fission
products) and also releases gamma
radiation and free neutrons. A portion of these neutrons may later be absorbed by other fissile atoms and
create more fissions, which release more neutrons, and so on.
This nuclear chain reaction can be controlled
by using neutron poisons and neutron moderators to change the portion of
neutrons that will go on to cause more fissions. Nuclear reactors generally have automatic and manual systems to shut the
fission reaction down if unsafe conditions are detected.
Three nuclear powered ships, (top to bottom)
nuclear cruisers USS Bainbridge and USS Long Beach with USS Enterprise the first nuclear powered
aircraft carrier in 1964. Crew members are spelling out Einstein's
mass-energy equivalence formula E = mc2
on the flight deck.
There are many different reactor designs, utilizing different fuels and
coolants and incorporating different control schemes. Some of these designs
have been engineered to meet a specific need. Reactors for nuclear
submarines and large naval ships, for example, commonly use highly enriched uranium as a fuel. This
fuel choice increases the reactor's power density and extends the usable life
of the nuclear fuel load, but is more expensive and a greater risk to nuclear
proliferation than some of the other nuclear fuels.
A number of new designs
for nuclear power generation, collectively known as the Generation IV reactors, are the subject of
active research and may be used for practical power generation in the future.
Many of these new designs specifically attempt to make fission reactors
cleaner, safer and/or less of a risk to the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Passively safe plants (such as the ESBWR) are available to be
built and other designs that are believed to be nearly fool-proof are being
pursued. Fusion reactors, which may be viable in the
future, diminish or eliminate many of the risks associated with nuclear
fission. There are trades to be made between safety, economic and technical
properties of different reactor designs for particular applications.
Historically these decisions were often made in private by scientists,
regulators and engineers, but this may be considered problematic, and since
Chernobyl and Three Mile Island, many involved now consider informed consent
and morality should be primary considerations.
Monday 14 December 2015
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT?
Nuclear power is
the use of sustained Nuclear fission to generate heat and do useful
work. Nuclear Electric Plants, Nuclear Ships and Submarines use controlled
nuclear energy to heat water and produce steam, while in space,
nuclear energy decays naturally in a radioisotope thermoelectric generator.
Scientists are experimenting with fusion energy for future generation, but these experiments do not currently generate
useful energy.
Nuclear power provides about 6% of the world's energy and 13–14% of the
world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for about 50% of
nuclear generated electricity. Also, more than 150 naval vessels using nuclear propulsion have been built.
Just as many
conventional thermal power stations generate
electricity by harnessing the thermal
energy released from burning fossil fuels,
nuclear power plants convert the energy released from the nucleus of an atom,
typically via nuclear fission.
Advantages and Disadvantages of diesel power plants?
Advantages of diesel power plants
- More efficient than thermal plant
- Design, Layout etc are simple and cheap
- Part load efficiency is very high
- It can be started quickly
- Simple & easy maintenance
- No problem with fuel & dust handling
- It can be located in the heart of town
- Less cooling water required.
- There is a limitation for size of a diesel engine
- Life of plant is comparatively less
- Noise pollution is very high
- Repair cost is very high
- High lubrication cost
DIESEL POWER PLANT?
Diesel power
plants produce power from a diesel engine. Diesel electric plants in the range
of 2 to 50 MW capacities are used as central stations for small electric supply
networks and used as a standby to hydro electric or thermal plants where
continuous power supply is needed. Diesel power plant is not economical
compared to other power plants.
The diesel power plants are cheaply used in the fields mentioned below.Peak
load plants
- Mobile electric plants
- Standby units
- Emergency power plants
- Starting stations of existing plants
- Central power station etc.
Engine is the heart of a diesel power plant. Engine
is directly connected through a gear box to the generator. Generally two-stroke
engines are used for power generation. Now a days, advanced super & turbo
charged high speed engines are available for power production.
Air inlet is arranged outside the engine room. Air
from the atmosphere is filtered by air filter and conveyed to the inlet manifold
of engine. In large plants supercharger/turbocharger is used for increasing the
pressure of input air which increases the power output.
This includes the silencers and connecting ducts.
The heat content of the exhaust gas is utilized in a turbine in a turbocharger
to compress the air input to the engine.
Fuel is stored in a tank from where it flows to the
fuel pump through a filter. Fuel is injected to the engine as per the load
requirement.
This system includes water circulating pumps,
cooling towers, water filter etc. Cooling water is circulated through the
engine block to keep the temperature of the engine in the safe range.
Lubrication system includes the air pumps, oil
tanks, filters, coolers and pipe lines. Lubricant is given to reduce friction
of moving parts and reduce the wear and tear of the engine parts.
There are three commonly used starting systems, they are;
1) A petrol driven auxiliary engine,
2) Use of electric motors,
3)Use of compressed air from an air compressor at a pressure of 20 Kg/cm”
The function of a governing system is to maintain
the speed of the engine constant irrespective of load on the plant. This is
done by varying fuel supply to the engine according to load.
LAYOUT OF HYDEL POWER PLANT?
Hydroelectric
power plants convert the hydraulic potential energy from water into electrical
energy. Such plants are suitable were water with suitable head are
available. The layout covered in this article is just a simple one and only
cover the important parts of hydroelectric plant.The different parts
of a hydroelectric power plant are
Dams are structures built over rivers to stop the water flow and form a
reservoir.The reservoir stores the water flowing down the river. This water is
diverted to turbines in power stations. The dams collect water during the rainy
season and stores it, thus allowing for a steady flow through the turbines
throughout the year. Dams are also used for controlling floods and irrigation.
The dams should be water-tight and should be able to withstand the pressure
exerted by the water on it. There are different types of dams such as arch
dams, gravity dams and buttress dams. The height of water in the dam is called head
race.
A spillway as the name suggests could be called as a way for spilling of water
from dams. It is used to provide for the release of flood water from a
dam. It is used to prevent over toping of the dams which could result in damage
or failure of dams. Spillways could be controlled type or uncontrolled
type. The uncontrolled types start releasing water upon water rising above a
particular level. But in case of the controlled type, regulation of flow is
possible.
Penstocks are pipes which carry water from the reservoir to the turbines inside
power station. They are usually made of steel and are equipped with gate
systems.Water under high pressure flows through the penstock. A tunnel serves
the same purpose as a penstock. It is used when an obstruction is present
between the dam and power station such as a mountain.
Surge tanks are tanks connected to the water conductor system. It serves the
purpose of reducing water hammering in pipes which can cause damage to pipes.
The sudden surges of water in penstock is taken by the surge tank, and when the
water requirements increase, it supplies the collected water thereby regulating
water flow and pressure inside the penstock.
Power station contains a turbine coupled to a generator. The water brought to
the power station rotates the vanes of the turbine producing torque and
rotation of turbine shaft. This rotational torque is transfered to the
generator and is converted into electricity. The used water is released through
the tail race. The difference between head race and tail race is called
gross head and by subtracting the frictional losses we get the net head
available to the turbine for generation of electricity.
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